Expresses concentration in terms of mass of a solvent.
m = moles of solute/kilograms of solvent

Mole Fraction = moles of substance S/total number of moles in solution

Like dissolves like. Free ions in a solution are called electrolytes because they can conduct electricity.

vant Hoff factor (i) tells how many ions one unit of a substance will dissociate into a solution. (ex. CaCl₂ i = 3)

Colligative properties: properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not the identity of particles.

When a solute is added to a solution, the boiling point of the solution increases, and the freezing point of the solution decreases.

ΔT = ik_b/fm

When a solute is added to a solution, the vapor pressure of the solution will decrease (boiling point is increased).

P = XP^o

P - vapor pressure of soluton, X - mole fraction of the solvent, P^o - vapor pressure of pure solvent

Measure of the extent of a salts dissociation in solution. The greater the value, the more soluble the salt.
More in Review 8.

NO3
ClO3/ClO4
C2H3O2
Br, Cl, I
SO4

OH, PO4, CO3, S, SO3. EXCEPT those containing alkali metals and ammonium

The lower the temperature and the higher the pressure of the gas, the more soluble the gas will be.