Colored Farmers' National Alliance- separate from the whites
treated as social inferiors through segregation of public facilities
Jim Crow Laws- allowed segregation in public facilities
restricted from voting through grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes, and political parties for whites only
Bishop Henry Turner formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help American blacks emigrate to Africa
Booker T. Washington formed the Tuskegee Institute that educated blacks with skills to get jobs and respect in society
National Negro Business League
W. E. B. Du Bois demanded and end to segregation and inequality immediately
Native Americans
lost their land due to miners and new settlers
nomadic- followed their food and set up camp where ever the herds went
horses allowed them to become skillful hunters
Confined to reservation
The Battle of Little Big Horn
A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson exposed the injustices that the government had done to the Native Americans
Dawes Severalty Act break up tribal lands to civilize them and dived their land into 160 acres or less and they gained ownership after 25 years
Ghost Dance religious movement was the Indians last attempt to resist the government
Indian Reorganization Act- reestablishment of tribal organization and culture
Chinese
The California gold rush lead to a great migration of Chinese
Took many american jobs and caused them top be envious of the immigrants
Chinese Exclusion Act was put into place - prohibited further immigration to the United States by Chinese laborers
Minorities
Chinese
Native Americans
African Americans
Economy
Development of mines created profit
increase in the the supply of silver lead to the distinction of the value of gold
South was destroyed after the Civil War
Reconstruction ended in 1877
Cheaper labor rates in the South allowed them to take over the textile business
Railroads also boosted the economy
Poverty was increased due to the South's late start in industrialization and a poorly educated workforce
Agriculture
grassland in the plains supported buffalo that was used for food, clothing, shelter, and tools.
cowboys lead long cattle drives to supply meat for the cities
Homestead Act of 1862- encouraged farming on the Great Pains by offering 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years
Sodbusters- used sod bricks to build homes
new ways to plant in the dry desert like dams an irrigation
Turners frontier thesis - frontier had played a role in the development of the country and worked as a safety net and fresh start for those that moved out there.
Sharecroppers- rented farm land and gave most of profit to land owners
farming became commercial
Framers became dependent on large expensive machines
overproduction of crops lowered prices and caused inflation
Middlemen wholesalers and retailers that took their cut before selling to farmers
National Grange
Interstate Commerce Act- state laws regulated railroad rates
Court Cases
Civil Rights Cases of 1883 - court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens
Plessy v. Ferguson- ruled that separate was equal
Munn v. Illinois- ruled the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public place
Wabash v. Illinois- ruled that individual states not regulate interstate commerce