Type I
Insulin-Dependent Dibetes Mellitus; antibodies vs islet cells, becomes symptomatic due to hyperglycaemia & diabetic acidosis
Treated with routine insulin injections
Pancreatic Disorders
Dibetes Mellitus
Urinary System
Type II
Non Insulin-Dependent Dibetes Mellitus; can be due to polygenic or environmental factors
Becomes symptomatic with non-ketotic hyperosmolar diabetic coma
Treated with diet, weight control & drug therapy
Common causes of death; myocardial infarct & cerebrovascular accident
Type III
Secondary Dibetes Mellitus
Type IV
Gestational Dibetes Mellitus 
Congenital Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis (autosomal recessive); accumulation of viscous mucous in glands, organs & ducts > meconium ileus, lung collapse, failure to defecate etc
Inflammations
Acute Pancreatitis; Gall stones/alcohol abuse > pancreatic enzyme release > tissue destruction & fat necrosis
Chronic Pancreatitis; Alcohol abuse > pancreatic enzyme release >tissue destruction, fat necrosis, chronic inflammation, loss of parenchyma & calcification
Tumours
Carcinoma of the Pancreas; common in the head of organ > presents with jaundice, weight loss, epigastric pain > worst prognosis of all cancers
Hypoglycaemia
Considered once blood glucose reach <3.5mmol/L due to excessive insulin
Symptomology presents as; sweating, anxiety, confusion, dysarthria & headache
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycaemia > dehydration & electrolyte loss
Ketosis results from insulin deficiency
Metabolic acidosis results from the accumulation of ketones 
Total Renal Failure
All renal functioning is impaired.
Acute; reversible (sometimes irreversible) central perfusion failure, tubular/interstitial disease/glomerular disease > cessation of nephron function > oliguria, anuria, fluid & electrolyte disturbances 
Chronic; chronic vascular disease/glomerular disease/tubular & interstitial disease/congential disease > progressive destruction of nephrons (detected with GFR test)
Vascular Disease
Pathogenesis; hypertension & renal vessel occlusion > ischaemic changes > infarction 
Aetiology; renal stenosis & thromboemboli 
Partial Renal Failure
Only some renal function is impaired
Presents as; Asymptomatic haematuria (early stage/minor glomerular damage), Persistant proteinuria (early stage of glomerular abnormality), Nephrotic syndrome (abnormal glomerular basement membrane or mesangium) & Nephritic syndrome (disturbed glomerular structure involving reactive cellular proliferation)
Glomerular Disease
Acute Diffuse Proliferative GN; immune complex deposition in glomeruli > infection > type III hypersensitivity 
Membranous Nephropathy; immune complex deposition in GBM (diffuse/global) 
Diffuse Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN); glomerular reaction to complement anomalies (Type 1/2)
Rapidly Progressive GN; glomeruli show epithelial crescents
Focal Segmental Proliferative GN; IgA "Berger" neuropathy (primary) > deposition of IgA in glomerulus & Goodpasture's syndrome (primary) > autoAbs vs collagen in GBM OR systemic vasculitis/connective tissue disease (secondary)
Minimal Change GN;
Chronic GN; HT/DM/Membranous & MPGN/Acute GN/Focal GN > chronic glomerular damage > chronic renal failure
Renal Tubule & Interstitum Disease
Acute Pyelonephritis; bacterial infection > via lower urinary tract or bloodstream > presents with fever, rigors, pain in the back & lower UTI signs
Chronic Pyelonephritis; chronic damage of pelvicalyceal system > secondary HT > vascular damage > renal damage (presents as either; reflux-associated chronic pyelonephritis or obstructive chronic pyelonephritis)
Renal Tumours
Renal Cell Carcinoma; ideopathic but sometimes associated with carciogens, chronic renal damage & genetic factors
- Clear cell carcinoma (most common); Papillary renal carcinoma; Chromophobe carcinoma
Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Infection; Acute bacterial urethritis & cystitis > ascending ureteritis & pyelitis (renal pelvis/calyces inflammation)
Urinary Tract Obstruction; Obstructed urine > hydronephrosis (distention/dilation of renal pelvis
Stone formation (urolithiasis); elevated concentration of solute in urine OR reduced solubility of solute in urine > hypercalciuria/hyperoxaluria > renal calculi (calcium oxalate & phosphate)
Lower Urinary Tract Tumours
Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder; exposure to carcinogenic agents when excreted in high concentrations from the bladder
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