Sensory information is transferred into the memory system.

The unconscious encoding of incidental information (ex. space, time, frequency, word meanings). Cannot be switched 'on' and 'off' by will

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

We can boost our memory through the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

studied memory scientifically; studied learning and forgetting of verbal material

His experiment proved the amount of material remembered depends on the time spent learning.

Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.